A Critical Comparison Of Expressions Of Grief - 1419 Words

A Critical Comparison of Expressions of Grief in Asia Death is universal and while grief is a common reaction to this inevitable occurrence, responses can be varied across Asian cultures. Ethnographic accounts reveal how grief and bereavement is expressed in this region and provides a basis for discussion. By concentrating on specific Asian regions, it is possible to identify the similarities or differences between the experiences and expressions of grief within Asia, contrary to Western perspectives of grieving responses and reactions. Firstly, the emotional and social connotations of grieving within certain cultural contexts will be discussed. Moreover, a focus on grief in Asian societies such as those in Japan, China, Thailand,†¦show more content†¦2014, pp.510). It is important to note, as Castle and Phillips (2003, pp.42) illustrates, that grief should not be seen as having solely elements of suffering and pain, however it can also be considered a reminder of an ongoing relationship to the deceased, which may include those qualities of comfort and connection toward those who have passed. In terms of grief, Lee et al. (2010, pp. 507) discusses that the most common grief response among Western grievers were bargaining, followed by acceptance, depression, anger, denial, and isolation. Furthermore, Neimeyer, Klass and Dennis (2014, pp.485) shows that in contrast to Western conceptions of bereavement which views grieving as seeking meaning through personal and familial transitions, other cultures, relate grief toward broader community and cultural spheres. Putting this into consideration, Balk (2006, pp.87) places emphasis on the diversity of our world and thus, there is also a great diversity of views, attitudes and behaviours regarding death and grief. Therefore, using examples of grief reactions and expressions within certain populations in Asia, will facilitate diverse and culturally understanding perspectives of grief which can be further

Habitat Loss, Fragmentation, and Destruction

Habitat loss refers to the disappearance of natural environments that are home to particular plants and animals. There are three major types of habitat loss: habitat destruction, habitat degradation, and habitat fragmentation. Habitat Destruction Habitat destruction is the process by which natural habitat is damaged or destroyed to such an extent that it no longer is capable of supporting the species and ecological communities that naturally occur there. It often results in the extinction of species and, as a result, the loss of biodiversity. Habitat can be destroyed directly by many human activities, most of which involve the clearing of land for uses such as agriculture, mining, logging, hydroelectric dams, and urbanization. Although much habitat destruction can be attributed to human activity, it is not an exclusively man-made phenomenon. Habitat loss also occurs as a result of natural events such as floods, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and climate fluctuations. Although habitat destruction primarily causes species extinctions, it can also open up new habitat that might provide an environment in which new species can evolve, thus demonstrating the resiliency of life on Earth. Sadly, humans are destroying natural habitats at a rate and on spatial scales that exceed what most species and communities can cope with. Habitat Degradation Habitat degradation is another consequence of human development. It is caused  indirectly by human activities such as pollution, climate change, and the introduction of invasive species, all of which reduce the quality of the environment, making it difficult for native plants and animals to thrive. Habitat degradation is fueled by a fast-growing human population. As the population increases, humans use more land for agriculture and for the development of cities and towns spread out over ever-widening areas. The effects of habitat degradation not only affect native species and communities but human populations as well. Degraded lands are frequently lost to erosion, desertification, and nutrient depletion. Habitat Fragmentation Human development also leads to habitat fragmentation, as wild areas are carved up and split into smaller pieces. Fragmentation reduces animal ranges and restricts movement, placing animals in these areas at higher risk of extinction. Breaking up habitat can also separate animal populations, reducing genetic diversity. Conservationists often seek to protect habitat in order to save individual animal species. For example, the Biodiversity Hotspot program organized by Conservation International protects fragile habitats around the world. The groups aim is to protect biodiversity hotspots that contain high concentrations of threatened species, such as Madagascar and the Guinean Forests of West Africa. These areas are home to a unique array of plants and animals found nowhere else in the world. Conservation International believes that saving these hotspots is key to protecting the planets biodiversity. Habitat destruction is not the only threat facing wildlife, but it is quite likely the greatest. Today, it is taking place at such a rate that species are beginning to disappear in extraordinary numbers. Scientists warn  that the planet is experiencing a sixth mass extinction that will have serious ecological, economic, and social consequences. If the loss of natural habitat around the globe does not slow, more extinctions are sure to follow.

How to Teach Your Students to Write Biography Poems

Biography poems, or Bio poems, are a quick and easy way for young students to learn poetry. They allow students to express their personality and introduce themselves to others, making them a perfect activity for the first day of school. Bio poems can also be used to describe someone else, making them perfect for history lessons or other subjects where students might be studying key historical figures. You will see in the examples below that students can research someone like Rosa Parks, then create a Bio poem on her. What Are Bio Poems? Below, you can read three examples of Bio Poems. One is about a teacher, one is about a student, and one is about a famous person that students researched. Sample Bio Poem of a Teacher Beth Kind, funny, hard-working, loving Sister of Amy Lover of Computers, Friends, and Harry Potter books Who feels excited on the first day of school, sad when she watches the news, and happy to open a new book Who needs people, books, and computers Who gives help to students, smiles to her husband, and letters to family and friends Who fears war, hunger, and bad days Who would like to visit the pyramids in Egypt, teach the world’s greatest third graders, and read on the beach in Hawaii Resident of California Lewis Sample Bio Poem of a Student Braeden Athletic, strong, determined, fast Son of Janelle and Nathan and brother to Reesa Loves the Diary of a Wimpy Kid books, sports, and Baked Beans Who feels happy when playing with friends, and happy when playing sports and being with his family Who needs books, family, and Legos to by happy in life Who makes people laugh when someone is sad, who likes to gives smiles, and loves hugging Fears the dark, spiders, clowns Would like to visit Paris, France Resident of Buffalo Cox Sample Bio Poem of a Person Researched Rosa Determined, Brave, Strong, Caring Wife of Raymond Parks, and mother of her children Who loved freedom, education, and equality Who loved to stand up for her beliefs, loved to help others, disliked discrimination Who feared racism would never end, who feared she wouldnt be able to make a difference, who feared she wouldnt have enough courage to fight Who changed history by standing up to others and making a difference in equality Who wanted to see an end to discrimination, a world that was equal, and respect was given to all Born in Alabama, and resident in Detroit Parks

Taking a Look at Orbital Mechanics - 661 Words

Orbital mechanics is the application of ballistic and celestial mechanics to motion, especially pertaining to rockets and spacecraft. Many famous physicists and mathematicians have helped develop equations, formulas, and laws to understand different aspects of orbital mechanics; such as Newton with centripetal force and the gravitational constant (GM) and also Kepler and his three laws of planetary motion. Though my interest did not sprout from who was involved with orbital mechanics, but the orbital mechanics themselves. I’ve always had an interest in astronomy and physics, and this seems like the perfect combinations of both. There are six general aspects of orbital mechanic elements eccentricity (e), semi-major axis (a), inclination (i), argument of periapsis (ω), time of periapsis passage (T), and longitude of ascending node (ÃŽ ©). [I will help define these with use of a diagram put I do not have the diagram drawn this is also the diagram of observations of an object in orbit talked about in the outline] Though these are not the only important elements of orbital mechanics, there is also the period (P) and true anomaly (v) which is â€Å"the angular distance of a point in an orbit past the point of periapsis. Conic sections and conics are use in orbital mechanics to determine the type of orbit and defining the eccentricity of the conic section and the hyperbola or parabola formed within the right cone depending on the angularity of the section. AllShow MoreRelatedImpact of Science on Society38421 Words   |  154 Pagesstandstill when the streets became, as they surely would, 14 feet deep in horse manure. The concept of any other form of transportation was outside his context. I started with these two stories because they illustrate what I want to talk about today. If you look back at the cultural history of the West (and I do this on the premise that you only know where you’re going if you know where you’ve been, and that those who are not prepared to learn the lessons of history are condemned to repeat it), the most importantRead MoreImpact of Science on Society38427 Words   |  154 Pagesstandstill when the streets became, as they surely would, 14 feet deep in hors e manure. The concept of any other form of transportation was outside his context. I started with these two stories because they illustrate what I want to talk about today. If you look back at the cultural history of the West (and I do this on the premise that you only know where you’re going if you know where you’ve been, and that those who are not prepared to learn the lessons of history are condemned to repeat it), the most importantRead MoreMastering Graduate Studies 1e32499 Words   |  130 Pagesanswering the question, ‘What do you do?’† (Fulghum, 1991). Find Your Purpose To find your purpose is to break the bonds of contentment with the status quo and embark on a journey of discovery. It is not dwelling on circumstances and inadequacies, but taking stock of your gifts, talents, and passions and making a firm plan on how you will change the world. This may not be accomplished overnight. It is a decision to begin a journey of discovery fraught with success and failure, all making you settle intoRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesEvery day, at 4:30 P.M., all of my people clean off their desks and go home. I ve had people walk out of late afternoon team meetings because they were afraid that they d miss their car pool. I have to schedule morning team meetings. Phil Davies: Look, Tim. You re going to have to realize that in a project environment, people think that they come first and that the project is second. This is a way of life in our organizational form. Tim Aston: I ve continually asked my people to come to me ifRead MoreSexually Transmitted Diseases35655 Words   |  143 Pagessomething else. Modern science identifies this substance through its physical properties; the most common current definition of matter is anything that has mass and occupies volume. However, this definition has to be revised in light of quantum mechanics, where the concept of having mass, and occupying space are not as well-defined as in everyday life. A mo re general view is that bodies are m l,lade of several substances, and the properties of matter (including mass and volume) are determined

Hamlet and the Oedipus Complex Free Essays

William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is a play about indecision, apprehension, and inner turmoil. Hamlet, the main protagonist, struggles within himself, attempting to muster the courage to avenge his father’s death by the hand of the current King, Claudius, who is also his late father’s brother. There seem to be many possible reasons for Hamlet’s delay in doing so. We will write a custom essay sample on Hamlet and the Oedipus Complex or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, the one theory that answers all the questions is that Hamlet was possessed by his own Oedipus Complex , that is, he was deeply in love with his own mother, Gertrude. This can be seen throughout the play in several ways. Hamlet was understandably upset over his father’s death, but he was much less angry about the loss than he was disgusted with his uncle. His â€Å"girlfriend† Ophelia was not his lover, the relationship was a cover-up for his true feelings. King Hamlet’s spirit was aware of this. When he finally gave his blessing to Hamlet and Gertrude, he still did not act against Claudius. And most significantly, when Hamlet finally did take revenge and murder Claudius himself, he only did so because he knew Gertrude would approve at that point. Hamlet did not seem angry with Claudius as much as he seemed disgusted. After Claudius’ marriage to Gertrude in the first act, Hamlet is clearly suicidal in his first soliloquy: O, that this too too solid flesh would melt Thaw and resolve itself into a dew! Or that the Everlasting had not fix’d His canon ‘gainst self-slaughter! O God! God! (I, 2, 129-132) However, the soliloquy is not about the loss of his father, or about Claudius taking the throne, but about his hasty marriage to Gertrude: Ere yet the salt of most unrighteous tears Had left the flushing in her galled eyes, She married. O, most wicked speed, to post With such dexterity to incestuous sheets! It is not nor it cannot come to good: But break, my heart; for I must hold my tongue. (I, 2, 154-159) This undue preoccupation with Gertrude’s personal life and suicidal tendencies show his self-hate and inner turmoil over his feelings for Gertrude, and the repressed desire to have her for himself. It seems as if he had been privately waiting for the inevitable death of his father for a long time, and was extremely bitter that Claudius married Gertrude before he had her to himself for any amount of time. Hamlet’s relationship with Ophelia was a guise put up for two reasons: Firstly, a cover-up for Hamlet’s inappropriate feelings for Gertrude, and secondly, a sexual release for Hamlet. Whether Hamlet consciously realized this or not, he showed displays of love for Ophelia when he felt he was obligated, such as when he jumped into her grave, but when the two of them were together in private, he did not treat her as one should treat a significant other. It was seen how Hamlet treated Ophelia in private when he spoke to her in the castle: You should not have believed me; for virtue cannot o inoculate our old stock but we shall relish of it: I loved you not. (III, 1, 118-120) Get thee to a nunnery: why wouldst thou be a breeder of sinners? I am myself indifferent honest; but yet I could accuse me of such things that it were better my mother had not borne me: I am very proud, revengeful, ambitious, with more offences at my beck than I have thoughts to put them in, imagination to give them shape, or time to act them in. (III, 1, 121-128) He told her, essentially, that he never loved her and discourages her from breeding immoral beings like himself. It seems that he may have begun to realize his complex around this point, and while he cared for Ophelia enough to try and let her go, he did not love her enough to continue the guise. However: When Hamlet was in the graveyard in Act 5 Scene 1, he speaks matter-of-factly about death and dying with Horatio: No, faith, not a jot; but to follow him thither with modesty enough, and likelihood to lead it: as thus: Alexander died, Alexander was buried, Alexander returneth into dust; the dust is earth; of earth we make loam; and why of that loam, whereto he as converted, might they not stop a beer-barrel? Imperious Caesar, dead and turn’d to clay, Might stop a hole to keep the wind away: O, that that earth, which kept the world in awe, Should patch a wall to expel the winter flaw! (V, 1, 192-202) He seems apathetic towards the bodies in the graveyard, and even after Ophelia’s corpse was brought to the grave, he did not react until Gertrude said: Sweets to the sweet: farewell! I hoped thou shouldst have been my Hamlet’s wife; I thought thy bride-bed to have deck’d, sweet maid, And not have strew’d thy grave. (V, I, 230-235) It was then that Laertes leapt into Ophelia’s grave, and presumably for the sake of attaining Gertrude’s approval, Hamlet did as well. His feelings for Ophelia were of lower priority than pleasing his mother. He stayed with Ophelia for a sexual release, and when Ophelia found out that Hamlet did not love her and what he was using her for, she went mad. The songs she sang before the time of her death were about her dead father, Polonius â€Å"He is dead and gone, lady/He is dead and gone/At his head a grass-green turf/ At his heels a stone,† (IV, 5, 34 37). â€Å"I hope all will be well. We must be patient: but I/ cannot choose but weep, to think they should lay him/ i’ the cold ground. My brother shall know of it† (IV, 5, 73 75). This shows how Ophelia was consumed and eventually driven to madness and suicide by the influence of controlling men over her life: Hamlet was the catalyst to her destruction. King Hamlet’s spirit seemed to be well-aware of the nature of Hamlet’s love for Gertrude. While the ghost did come back to ask Hamlet to avenge him, there was an underlying implication that he was conscious of Hamlet’s true feelings, and disapproved of them. So to seduce! –won to his shameful lust The will of my most seeming-virtuous queen! † (I, 5, 48-50) King Hamlet stated throughout the scene several times that his love for Gertrude was dignified, and that he was against incest in Denmark’s royal bed. However, when speaking about incest, he never specifically says that he only means Claudius. Throughout the play , Hamlet showed an indecent interest in Gertrude’s sex life. It is highly irregular for a son to go into such graphic detail when expressing his unhappiness with Gertrude’s choice in partners. Hamlet actually says to Gertrude: Nay, but to live In the rank sweat of an enseamed bed, Stew’d in corruption, honeying and making love Over the nasty sty— (III, 4, 91-94) This outburst seems unnecessarily sexually explicit. Hamlet’s preoccupation with Gertrude’s personal life is strange, given that he could have addressed the situation with critique of Claudius’ leadership or Gertrude’s marriage without the graphic imagery. In the 3rd scene, Hamlet is invited into Gertrude’s closet, a strangely intimate situation for mother and son, and speaks with her about her marriage to Claudius. King Hamlet’s ghost appears and tells Hamlet to â€Å"Step between her and her fighting soul† (III, 4, 113) presumably encouraging Hamlet to help her put an end to her relationship with Claudius. However, Hamlet is still scared to act, as he says: Do not look upon me Lest with this piteous action you convert My stern effects: then what I have to do Will want true color. (III, 4, 129-132) Hamlet meant that he was afraid to eliminate Claudius, because he was afraid of the desire deep within him to consummate his relationship with Gertrude, which he knows that his father would definitely not approve of. This shows the conflict between his own complex and his respect for his father: The cause of his delay of action throughout the entire play. The time when Hamlet finally acts and murders King Claudius is when Gertrude, after drinking poisoned wine that had been intended for Hamlet, was dying and realized that Claudius had done. Despite his contempt for Claudius and respect for his father, Hamlet had always been hesitant to murder the King because deep inside, he was more desperate for his mother’s approval than he was his father’s. As these instances show, Hamlet had a deep love for his mother, Gertrude, on platonic, maternal, and sexual level. It was Hamlet’s own Oedipus Complex, the neurosis that turned maternal love into a silent competition with his own father for her complete love, that kept him for so long from murdering Claudius to avenge his father. It seems as if Shakespeare knew enough about the workings of the human mind to discover the â€Å"Oedipus theory† long before Sigmund Freud or the science of psychology itself even existed. How to cite Hamlet and the Oedipus Complex, Papers

Jacques Louis David French Painter Essay Example For Students

Jacques Louis David French Painter Essay Jacques Louis David was a highly influential French painter in the neoclassical style, considered to be one of the most prominent of his time. In the late 1780s, his celebrated historical paintings marked a drastic change from the Rococo style of love and affection to the neoclassical style of moral behavior and virtue. Such new themes in paintings were a result of writings by academic scholars such as Denis, Diderot, and Winckelmann. David proved to be more than just a history painter though, as he was also one of the well-known leaders of the Jacobin party in the French Revolution. It was events leading up to the revolution that began David on his journey of political propaganda in artwork that set him apart from other artists of his time. This use of propaganda would ultimately lead to his eventual imprisonment on multiple occasions, although he never would face the guillotine as many others would. In fact, after the Reign of Terror, of which David was a major promoter, Davids influential propaganda painting abilities helped him not only receive recognition, but commissions from Napoleon Bonaparte, the rising leader of The Consulate. The focus of these paintings would not be on political revolution however, but instead on peace and acceptance of the new government in France. Nevertheless, Davids use of propaganda around the time of the French Revolution through history paintings had a major impact on the way in which art developed during the neoclassical period. Perhaps one of Davids most famous works, The Oath of the Horatii, was an influential painting in the neoclassical era for many artists and was also equally important to a troubled French society prepared for revolution. The historical background of David and the development of the Oath of the Horatii demonstrate not only how influential David was to the developing neoclassical art at the time but also how significant he was in starting the French Revolution. Jacques Louis David was born on August 30, 1748. His family was generally well-to-do and enjoyed a comfortable living. However, when he was just nine years old his father was killed in a dual. 1 Soon after the incident, David was sent away by his mother to live with his wealthy uncles, hoping he could enjoy a better living. Trained in architecture, they sent David to the College des Quatre Nation, part of the University of France, in order to pursue his education and become an architect. However, architecture bored David and because of this he neglected his studies. In addition to this, David had also been injured in a sword fight when he was younger and suffered a speech impediment from a gash that he had received in his cheek. 2 This caused David to be less social and more independent from the rest of the students at the University. Nevertheless, David was constantly drawing in school filling up his class notes with sketches and drawings of various subjects. David was convinced that he wanted to pursue a career as an artist despite others who discouraged him. He eventually went to live with Francois Boucher, a distant relative of his mothers side. Boucher was amongst the most famous painters in France at the time with his painting The Gracious Shepherd (1736-39), which won him much recognition as its amorous and sensual themes evoked great pleasure to the aristocracy and upper class (Figure 1). Although Boucher painted Rococo in subject matter, his style gave way to much more of a classical approach. Boucher was not responsible for training David as he instead sent him to learn from Joseph Marie Vien (1716-1809), a lesser known painter who embraced the classical reaction to Rococo. After studying at the College des Quatre Nations, David then pursued an education at the French Royal Academy. During this time he would stay with Michel Jean Sedaine (1719-1797), a well-known playwright. This was a crucial and beneficial period for David as he was able to learn and mingle with other artists of his time. David was not generally recognized for his talents at the academy initially, as he won no awards or scholarships and this angered him because he knew of his potential. Finally, in 1774, after four failed attempts, David won the Prix-de-Rome which allowed him free travel to Rome, where he would study at the French Academy there. Davids trouble with winning the award was solely due to Vien, who decided the victor every year. He chose not to pick David initially because other artists who had been attempting to win for years took priority. Vien believed David needed to wait and earn his turn4. Nevertheless, Davids trip to Rome proved to be initially difficult for him. He was exposed to all of the classical painting, art, and sculpture that was beginning to gain strength. Davids training as a Rococo artist initially caused him to dismiss the classical antiquity that was apparent in Roman art and architecture. However, as he stayed longer he became increasingly interested in the work of the Roman artist Antonio de Correggio (1489-1534) and his fresco paintings in the Parma cathedral (Figure 2). 5 This caused David to question his training as a Rococo artist and become increasingly interested in classical art. Fortunately for David he arrived at a time when many artists were practicing and introducing Neoclassical ideas into their artwork. During his stay in Rome, David mainly focused on drawing. One contemporary artist of the time, Gavin Hamilton (1723-1798), had a profound impact on Davids practice of adding contour to his drawings. 6 Contour is simply the outline that is traced over an object or figure and many enlightenment thinkers such as Winckelmann believed this was the road that would lead to the greatest artistic expression. Hamiltons Death of Lucretia (1760, Figure 3) was certainly an inspiration to David when looking for direction on contour and even more critical when attempting to paint his Oath of the Horatii. Nevertheless, Hamilton was also able to invoke in David an interest for Homeric subject matter. 8 Due to this David would complete his drawing The Combat of Diomedes and Minerva (1777, Figure 4). A drawing depicting a number of incidents from the Trojan War, Diomedes was a character from Homers Iliad who fought alongside Achilles against the Trojans. He was favored by the Greek goddess Athena, who in Davids image is the Roman equivalent to Minerva. Nevertheless, the drawing of Diomedes was useful in the sense that it aided David in familiarizing himself with Italian art and its classical tradition. David also found inspiration for frieze-like characters from the Column of Trajan (Figure 5), a triumphal column in Rome that commemorates the Emperor Trajan and his victories in the Dacian Wars (c. 86-87 A. D. ). Davids close attention to detail in his figures was derived from this column and this is how David brought his images to life. However, this was not the only work that gave David influence. There were many others such as Michelangelos Ignudi (1477, Figure 6) in the Sistine Chapel and Guilio Romanos Battle of Constantine (1570s, Figure 7) from the Vatican. 9 Nevertheless, while in Rome, David was also able to study and analyze the methods of Raphael and Caravaggio. Caravaggism was actually its own historical style that was characterized by chiaroscuro: the use of light and dark to create clear tonal contrasts. 0 He was also able to absorb the effects that were characterized by the discovery of the ruins of Herculaneum and Pompeii (two Roman cities destroyed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius). A conclusion from all of this is that it can be seen that Roman art was an influential force in Davids life that was responsible and helpful in his dynamic switch from Rococo painter to neoclassical artist. When returning to Paris, David was able to evoke and use a lot of the skills and techniques that he had learned while traveling on the Prix-de-Rome. David even began to decorate his studio with objects from classical antiquity and began requiring all of his students to learn and speak Latin. It was at this time that David would receive a royal commission for a work depicting Hector (a Horatii brother) condemned to death for the murder of his sister Camilla, while being defended by his father the moment at which the lictors (policeman) are about to arrest him. Livy originally told the story that would soon be the inspiration for Davids Oath of the Horatii (1784, Figure 8). It shows the conflict that comes about between Rome and Alba. According to the story the leaders of the warring Rome and Alba decided to settle their conflicts not as nation fighting nation, but as brothers fighting brothers. Rome chose three representatives, the Horatii brothers, while Alba chose their three representatives the Curatii brothers. The drama of the battle was heightened by the fact that there were other familial connections involved as well. Camilla, the sister of a Horatii was also engaged to one of the Curatii brothers, and Sabina, the wife of the youngest Horatii was the sister of a Curatii brother. The battle would continue until only one Horatii brother was left standing. Victoriously returning to Rome he was cursed by his sister Camilla who was mourning the loss of her fiancÃÆ' ©. This enraged the Horatii brother as his own sister was more concerned about her fiancÃÆ' © than her country and he killed her because of her sadness. Nevertheless, this scene of the Horatii brother killing his sister while the lictors come to arrest him is the initial scene David was asked to paint. This story was not new to David however, as he had been thinking about it for some time before the commission. 1 David would accept the commission nevertheless, and be able to return back to Rome as he believed it was essential to ensuring the accuracy of the painting was perfect. David would perform many sketches before completing the final product. In one of Davids earlier sketch The Death of Camilla (1783, Figure 9), he depicts a scene in which Hectors (the victorious Horatii brother) father, Horace, defends his actions of killing his sister Camilla as a group of lictors come to arrest him. The fathers right hand is extended outward towards the lictors in defense of his son. His other hand is simply placed around Hectors shoulder. Hector has a wider stance with his hand placed on his hip and elbow out, resembling an akimbo stance, while his right hand is clenched tight against his body armored as if he just returned from battle. 12 Hector, Camilla, Sabina, and Horace are all etched completely while the crowd ascending the stairs is lightly sketched. This helps draw the viewers attention more to the main figures and less to the unimportant crowd. 13 Due to his stay in Rome, David was able to accomplish this overall effect by the use of contour. Young Mother Sewing (Reaction About Painting) EssayThis is characteristic of Davids licked finished which is visible in the Oath of the Horatii. Davids student Anne Louis Girodet also clearly was able to create this licked finish. At this time Girodets portraits were in great demand, convincingly rendering the various textures of fur, velvet, lace and flash as can be seen in his Madame Jacques-Louis Etienne Reizet (1823). This painting (Figure 15) demonstrates all of the above qualities and has successfully hidden any signs of brushstroke. The Adams brothers were also extremely influenced by Davids work and Robert Adam was even a student of David. Robert Adam was largely famous in Britain but also all of Europe for his rich and extravagant interior designs that he placed in the homes of the rich. One of his most famous was that of the Etruscan Dressing Room (1775-76, Figure 16) in the Osterley Park House which actually had little Etruscan art and instead more inspiration from Greek and Roman architecture as well as Renaissance and classical arts. 24 This influence came from that of David. Nevertheless, from Davids student it can be easily seen that David did not only just influence the painting world but also that of sculpture and design. In other words, David was influencing not only art but French culture in general. Many of his students would stick to their artistic style they learned and use this for their entire career. One point that can be clearly made from all of this nevertheless is that David has a major influence on other neoclassical artists of the time and that much of this influence came from his painting of Oath of the Horatii. Dorothy Johnsons book Jacques-Louis David: New Perspectives has many good interpretations of Oath of the Horatii. In the book she states that The Oath was a revolutionary call to a physical (and concomitant moral) regeneration and perfectibility of the self  . 25 Based on this line a connection can be made as to why the oath could be responsible for prerevolutionary radical ideas. In opposition to this the English historian Fred Haskell argued that no critic or viewer actually paid attention to the subject matter present in the painting. He thought there were two other important aspects to consider. 26 First, the excessive uniformity of form and color and secondly, the ignorance of Davids composition as he places the characters into three distinctive areas. Both of these statements above show the attention that Oath of the Horatii brought to the art world as it was viewed differently by different groups of people. One idea can be confirmed despite all of the mixed feelings of Oath of the Horatii. It evoked two different types of feelings between the upper and lower classes. To the upper class Oath of the Horatii showed loyalty to the crown, nation, and king of France. It represented men willing to fight for the greater good of their country and who were respectful to their king Louis XVI. However, the lower class viewed this entirely different as they saw this as a call to stand up and fight for what they believe in, against a powerful monarchy and king who are not for the people. They saw it as their hope to fight for a cause that they strongly believed in. This view by the lower class is what would ultimately lead to revolution in France. Overall, the best support for this piece being revolutionary is that it was presented at the right time. At the time this work was displayed in the Salon of 1785 in the Louvre, France was undergoing financial crisis and famine. France, having helped America gain its independence from Britain, had stretched its financial portfolio too far and by doing so had to impose higher taxes on the people in order to avoid bankruptcy. Over 60,000 people came to see Oath of the Horatii at the salon despite the hardship induced by the monarchys taxes. The subject of the painting was about a Roman country in a crisis; a situation relatable to the French. This connection creates a situation for the French people to put themselves in place of the Romans. In the context of this piece the French were willing to fight and sacrifice their lives for the good of their country. One point to consider when thinking about the revolutionary aspects of the painting is Davids use of color as symbolizing certain emotions. The color that is the most prominent in the work is the red cloak of the father which symbolizes passion, love, and violence. 7 It is not difficult to read this as a political painting calling for the French people to take a stand against their government. A comment the art historian Beth Harris makes on the inclusion of women in the painting by David is that they are the direct contrast to the men in the painting not only in pose and posture but in emotion and tone. 28 They are much more wrapped up in personal issues than the bi gger picture of Rome. This could be synonymous with the nobility in France at the time, who were exempt from taxes and more concerned with political issues than with France as a whole. This implies further that the Horatii brothers taking the oath is in essence a call for the French people to rally together and fight for a better France, one in which they will be equally represented. Oath of the Horatii was a work that received much attention initially when David completed the painting. It can thus be confirmed that no matter what your view is on the Oath, it was certainly a controversial piece. Davids training in Rome after winning the Prix-de-Rome was definitely influential in his painting style and the effects of this can be seen in the completed painting. His opposition to the scene he was originally commissioned to paint can be interpreted in multiple ways, by difference in artistic taste or by his revolutionary zeal, although the latter seems like a more convincing argument. The preliminary sketches that David completed help to show the importance of this piece to David as he wanted to ensure the message was clear and the subject matter relatable. Davids goal seem to be that not only did he want to create a historical piece, to be viewed more favorably by the academy, but that he wanted to create a work that evoked change in a much conflicted France. David felt the hardship of the taxes by the monarchy just as many others did and wanted to have an active voice in the call for a change in France. Whether Davids call was strictly for revolution or more simply for reform is difficult for interpret. Nevertheless, it is clear that he wanted change. The popular reception of this painting made it Davids most famous work. It is clear that David was trying to not only make something revolutionary, but to also create something relative to classical antiquity. This not only pleased the people of the nation, but also the artists of the academy. This dynamic effect that was caused by Oath of the Horatii elevated David to be the most famous and well respected neoclassical artist of the day. It was clear that he had found an excellent way to incorporate classical subject matter into an event relative to the current French citizens. In the forthcoming years David would continue his involvement in the Revolution and in that of propaganda painting as this seem to be a skill that David had mastered. He would continue to paint for Napoleon Bonaparte and help to represent him as not only ambitious but as a ruler who is concerned with the French people. However, we know from history that Napoleon would ultimately fail at bringing about reform for the lower and middle classes. Jacques Louis David, nevertheless, was undoubtedly the best artists in the latter part of the 18th century and proved to many just the effect an artist could have not only on the art world in which he was living but also in the political realm in which he would attempt to change. Bibliography: Cavindish, Richard. The Battle of the Milvian Bridge. History Today. Burlington House, 10 Oct. 2012. Web. 07 Oct. 2013. http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/battle-milvian-bridge. Chu, Petra Ten-Doesschate. Nineteenth-century European Art. 3rd ed. New York: Abrams, 2003. Print. Faroult, Guillaume, Christophe Leribault, Guilhem Scherf, Edgar Peters. Bowron, and Helga Kessler-Aurisch. Antiquity Revived: Neoclassical Art in the Eighteenth Century. Paris, France: Gallimard, 2011. Print. Gallitz, Kathryn. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Legacy of Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, n.d. Web. 02 Nov. 2013. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/jldv/hd_jldv.htm. Gardner, Helen, and Fred S. Kleiner. Gardners Art through the Ages: A Global History. 13th ed. Vol. 1. Australia: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2013. Print. Gutwirth, Madelyn. Corneilles Horace and Davids Oath of the Horatii: A Chapter in the Politics of Gender in Art. New York: Peter Lang, 2011. Print. Harris, Beth, and Steven Zucker. Davids Oath of the Horatii. Smarthistory. Khan Academy, 22 Jan. 2010. Web. 01 Nov. 2013. http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/david-oath-of-the-horatii.html. Johnson, Dorothy. Jacques-Louis David: New Perspectives. Newark: University of Delaware, 2006. Print. Labedzki, Annette. His Most Famous Painting (Oath of the Horatii) Jacques-Louis David. Ezine Articles, 2 Feb. 2000. Web. 01 Nov. 2013. http://ezinearticles.com/?His-Most-Famous-Painting-(Oath-of-the-Horatii)Jacques-Louis-Davidid=2697356. Law, Mark. Caravaggism (c.1600-50).Characteristics of Caravaggios Tenebrism, Chiaroscuro. Christian Fine Art, Oct. 1999. Web. 01 Nov. 2013. http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/caravaggism.htm. Smith, Anthony D. The Cultural Foundations of Nations: Hierarchy, Covenant and Republic. Malden, MA, USA: Blackwell Pub., 2008. Print. Smyth, Carolyn. Correggios Frescoes in Parma Cathedral. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1997. Print. Roberts, Warren. Jacques-Louis David and Jean-Louis Prieur, Revolutionary Artists: The Public, the Populace, and Images of the French Revolution. Albany: State University of New York, 2000. Print.

Australian Great Barrier Reef for Environmental - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theAustralian Great Barrier Reef for Environmental Effect. Answer: Introduction There is an increased need to preserve the coral reefs in Australia owing to its usefulness in anchoring tourist attraction. Some parts of the Great Barrier Reefs has already been damage which is destroying the tourists perception. A health Reef is attractive as it has rainbow colors that indicates the presence of life. Some part of the Reef has been observed to lose this colors and turning white. The bleaching is a great threat to both the aquatic life and to the Australian economic performance; which subsequently results to elevated mortality rates and susceptibility to diseases (Reefresilience.org, 2016). The bleaching has been argued by the scientists to have been ongoing and has taken long and thus the reports made has shown no hope for recovery. The climatic changes is the most important factor behind the bleaching of Great Barrier Reef; since these natural wonders are famous in attracting tourism which is a reliable source of a countrys income, it is essential for it to be effectively protected (Markham, 2016). This paper results will show how such impacts result and may be useful in precipitating the implementation of global and national policy for reef protection. Other economies will learn from the Australian case and will react before their own situation worsens. The government will also be able to predict the future economic performance decline of the tourism industry if the current bleaching event continues. Informed decision will thus be stimulated. Analysis Anderson (2016) in his article Climate change, tourism and the Great Barrier Reef: what we know noted that the Great Barrier Reef bleach has had a negative impact on the Australian tourism industry. For this reason, its entire section was removed from the international report. The coral bleach of the Great Barrier Reef is attributed to the changes in climate (Environment.gov.au, 2017). According to Jones (2017), some of the most critical factors leading to the irritation of the coral are; diseases, water pollution and the rising water temperatures. There are many tourists who visits Australia to see the Reef. The increased perception on the bleach has damaged the decision making by many and thus a decline on the number of tourists. The wide coverage on the issues of the Reef has created a rising worlds awareness. The Cairns city in Queensland, Australia has over 2.4 million visitors who flow in every year to see the Reef. Their annual contribution to this economy is over 3.1 Billion Australia dollar. The Great Barrier Reef is an anchor to attraction and has resulted in the growth of this area and that of the nation as a whole (Morgan, 2017). The major challenge facing the Australian economy is that scientists have broadly reported on the Reef bleach and thus impacting the tourists decision making. However, the Tour operator Quicksilver has established a strategy to counter the claims posted by the scientist by providing the Reefs health report that acknowledges of the regaining of color by the Reefs upon the cooling of the waters during winter. Fig: Tourists visitation to Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Source: Gbrmpa.gov.au (2017) The number of tourist visiting the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park have gone up as can be observed from the trend above; this is irrespective of whether they are paying the Environmental Management Charge or not. Past research has shown that travel decisions are influenced by environmental effects such as cyclones because they are perceived to damage the natural environment (Marsden, 2016). Little did we know that such events also has a contribution to the coral bleaching event. Jones (2017) noted that the bleaching of the reefs make the dying of corals and they turn white and look lifeless. Recommendation In order to effectively protect this anchor to tourist attraction, the government should immediately impose various policies towards its protection. The tourism guides should protect the Australian tourism industry by showcasing only the part of the reefs that havent yet been damaged. This would ensure that tourists derive satisfaction from their visit. Otherwise, the number of visitors flowing to Australia to see the Reefs will decline which will result in the contraction of this economy. The government should impose fishing restrictions on the Reef since it has been noted to recover with time when the zone is made a no-fishing zone (Information obtained from other Reefs that have recovered). The government should also implement policies against water pollution by various industries. Conclusion The Great Barrier Reef bleach has already taken place and is hurting the Australian economy. Tourism being the sector with the highest potential for driving the Australian economic growth will result in sluggish growth if the bleaching doesnt cease. The damage on the tourist perception has also already in place since scientists have reported of the dying Great Barrier Reef corals on the public domain and thus its only a positive campaign by the government that can help solve this problem. It is not quite clear of the period in which the Reefs will take to recover but with proper government policies, there is assurance that the recovery is achievable. The color of the corals is an indicator that policy intervention is important at this stage. References Anderson, A. (2016). Climate change, tourism and the Great Barrier Reef: what we know. [Online] The Conversation. Available at: https://theconversation.com/climate-change-tourism-and-the-great-barrier-reef-what-we-know-60108 [Accessed 21 Aug. 2017]. Environment.gov.au. (2017). Australias biodiversity and climate change. [Online] Available at: https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/eab369d6-76f9-46c8-beb4-aaae8ece112e/files/biodiversity-vulnerability-great-barrier-reef.pdf [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. Gbrmpa.gov.au. (2017). Tourist visits to the entire marine park. [Online] Available at: https://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/visit-the-reef/visitor-contributions/gbr_visitation/numbers/tourist-visits-to-the-entire-marine-park [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. Jones, H. (2017). An underwater investigation of coral bleaching in the South Pacific. [Online] Time.com. Available at: https://time.com/coral/ [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. Markham, A. (2016). Revealed: report for UNESCO on the Great Barrier Reef that Australia didn't want world to see. [Online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/may/27/revealed-the-report-on-the-great-barrier-reef-that-australia-didnt-want-the-world-to-see [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. Marsden, S. (2016). Transboundary Environmental Governance: Inland, Coastal and Marine Perspectives. Routledge. Morgan, J. (2017). Conservation of the Great Barrier Reef Australia. [Online] Wwf.org.au. Available at: https://www.wwf.org.au/what-we-do/oceans/great-barrier-reef#gs.tddsfFE [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. Reefresilience.org. (2016). Bleaching Impacts. [Online] Available at: https://www.reefresilience.org/coral-reefs/stressors/bleaching/bleaching-impacts/ [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017].